Compounded drugs as an alternative to the therapeutical gaps of inborn errors of metabolism

Abstract Inborn errors of metabolism are rare disorders with few therapeutic options for their treatments, which can make patients suffer with complications. Therefore, compounded drugs might be a promising option given that they have the ability of meeting the patient's specific needs, (i) identification of the main drugs described in the literature; (ii) proposal of compounding systems and (iii) calculation of the budgetary addition for the inclusion of these drugs into the Brazilian Unified Health System. The research conducted a literature review and used management data as well as data obtained from official Federal District government websites. The study identified 31 drugs for the treatment of inborn errors of metabolism. Fifty eight percent (58%) (18) of the medicines had their current demand identified, which are currently unmet by the local Health System. The estimated budget for the production of compounded drugs was of R$363,16.98 per year for approximately 300 patients. This estimated cost represents a budgetary addition of only 0.17% from the total of expenditures planned for drug acquirement. There is a therapeutic gap for inborn errors of metabolism and compounding pharmacies show potential in ensuring access to medicine therapy with a low-cost investment.

Primary Health Care attributes in the context of indigenous health.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the attributes of Primary Health Care from the perspective of health professionals, comparing services in the Special Indigenous Health District and the Municipal Health Offices. METHODS: a cross-sectional study in the Upper Rio Negro region, State of Amazonas, with 116 professionals. The data were collected through the Primary Care Assessment Tool. Scores were categorized (≥ 6.6) - strong orientation and (<6.6) - low orientation. The chi-square and maximum likelihood test for crossover analysis. The comparison between professionals the Kruskal-Wallis Test. RESULTS: a higher overall score was observed in the Indigenous Health District (7.2). The same trend was observed individually in the essential and derived attributes. CONCLUSIONS: this work may support strategies that positively impact the management model and work processes from the perspective of strengthening the primary care offered to the population from Rio Negro.

Primary Health Care attributes in the context of indigenous health / Atributos de la Atención Primaria de Salud en el contexto de la salud indígena / Atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde no contexto da saúde indígena

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the attributes of Primary Health Care from the perspective of health professionals, comparing services in the Special Indigenous Health District and the Municipal Health Offices. Methods: a cross-sectional study in the Upper Rio Negro region, State of Amazonas, with 116 professionals. The data were collected through the Primary Care Assessment Tool. Scores were categorized (≥ 6.6) - strong orientation and (<6.6) - low orientation. The chi-square and maximum likelihood test for crossover analysis. The comparison between professionals the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results: a higher overall score was observed in the Indigenous Health District (7.2). The same trend was observed individually in the essential and derived attributes. Conclusions: this work may support strategies that positively impact the management model and work processes from the perspective of strengthening the primary care offered to the population from Rio Negro.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluarlos atributos de la Atención Primaria de Salud, desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud, comparando servicios en el Distrito Especial de Salud Indígena y los Departamentos Municipales de Salud. Métodos: este es un estudio transversal en la región del Alto Rio Negro, Amazonas, con 116 profesionales. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la Primary Care Assessment Tool. Las puntuaciones se clasificaron (≥ 6.6) - orientación fuerte y (<6.6) - orientación baja. La prueba de chi-cuadrado y de máxima verosimilitud para el análisis cruzado. La comparación entre profesionales de la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: se observó una puntuación general más alta en el Distrito de Salud Indígena (7,2). La misma tendencia se observó individualmente en los atributos esenciales y derivados. Conclusiones: este trabajo puede apoyar estrategias que impacten positivamente el modelo de gestión y los procesos de trabajo desde la perspectiva del fortalecimiento de la Atención Primaria ofrecida a la población de Río Negro.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar os atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde, na perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde, comparando os serviços no Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena e nas Secretarias Municipais de Saúde. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal, na região do Alto Rio Negro, Amazonas, com 116 profissionais. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Primary Care Assessment Tool. Fez-se a categorização dos escores (≥ 6,6) - forte orientação e (< 6,6) - baixa orientação. O Teste Qui-Quadrado e de máxima verossimilhança para análise dos cruzamentos. A comparação entre os profissionais o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: foi observado escore geral maior no Distrito Sanitário Indígena (7,2). A mesma tendência foi observada individualmente nos atributos essenciais e derivados. Conclusões: este trabalho poderá subsidiar estratégias que impactem positivamente no modelo de gestão e processos de trabalho na perspectiva do fortalecimento da Atenção Primária ofertada à população rionegrina.

Patient access: How do we measure it?

The aim of this article is to introduce key definitions to patient access and a measurement approach, translated for a clinic-based research study or program evaluation. The authors hope this piece will provide those seeking to improve access with some basic starting points and replace rhetoric with rigor in evaluation. Issues discussed include defining access for measurement, measuring access, starting with the end point in mind, and using a logic model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

A framework for the identification and classification of homogeneous socioeconomic areas in the analysis of health care variation.

BACKGROUND: Detecting the variation of health indicators across similar areas or peer geographies is often useful if the spatial units are socially and economically meaningful, so that there is a degree of homogeneity in each unit. Indices are frequently constructed to generate summaries of socioeconomic status or other measures in geographic small areas. Larger areas may be built to be homogenous using regionalization algorithms. However, there are no explicit guidelines in the literature for the grouping of peer geographies based on measures such as area level socioeconomic indices. Moreover, the use of an index score becomes less meaningful as the size of an area increases. This paper introduces an easy to use statistical framework for the identification and classification of homogeneous areas. We propose the Homogeneity and Location indices to measure the concentration and central value respectively of an areas' socioeconomic distribution. We also provide a transparent set of criteria that a researcher can follow to establish whether a set of proposed geographies are acceptably homogeneous or need further refining. RESULTS: We applied our framework to assess the socioeconomic homogeneity of the commonly used SA3 Australian census geography. These results showed that almost 60% of the SA3 census units are likely to be socioeconomically heterogeneous and hence inappropriate for presenting area level socioeconomic disadvantage. We also showed that the Location Index is a more robust descriptive measure of the distribution compared to other measures of central tendency. Finally, the methodology proposed was used to analyse the age-standardized variation of GP attenders in a metropolitan area. The results suggest that very high GP attenders (20+ visits) live in SA3s with the most socioeconomic disadvantage. The findings revealed that households with low income and families with children and jobless parents are the major drivers for discerning disadvantaged communities. CONCLUSION: Reporting indicators rates for geographies grouped according to similarity may be useful for the analysis of geographic variation. The use of a framework for the identification of meaningful peer geographies would be beneficial to health planners and policy makers by providing realistic and valid peer group geographies.

Availability of services in registered retirement villages in Queensland, Australia: A content analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigates and compares the services available in different types of registered retirement villages in Queensland (QLD). METHODS: A content analysis based on official websites of 175 registered villages in QLD, Australia, is presented. RESULTS: This study identifies 82 services, with activity organisation, emergency response, hairdressing and transportation being most frequently available to residents. The number of services available is associated with the village size and financial type, with residents living in large private villages having access to significantly more services. CONCLUSION: The research findings reveal the state of the art of current industry practice. They provide useful implications for stakeholders. For instance, residents who prefer to get access to various services should focus more on large private villages. Developers can check their service delivery environment to confirm its balance with residents' competencies. The government can propose innovative initiatives to promote the delivery of appropriate services in villages.

Criteria to assess potential reverse innovations: opportunities for shared learning between high- and low-income countries.

BACKGROUND: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are developing novel approaches to healthcare that may be relevant to high-income countries (HICs). These include products, services, organizational processes, or policies that improve access, cost, or efficiency of healthcare. However, given the challenge of replication, it is difficult to identify innovations that could be successfully adapted to high-income settings. We present a set of criteria for evaluating the potential impact of LMIC innovations in HIC settings. METHODS: An initial framework was drafted based on a literature review, and revised iteratively by applying it to LMIC examples from the Center for Health Market Innovations (CHMI) program database. The resulting criteria were then reviewed using a modified Delphi process by the Reverse Innovation Working Group, consisting of 31 experts in medicine, engineering, management and political science, as well as representatives from industry and government, all with an expressed interest in reverse innovation. RESULTS: The resulting 8 criteria are divided into two steps with a simple scoring system. First, innovations are assessed according to their success within the LMIC context according to metrics of improving accessibility, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and overall effectiveness. Next, they are scored for their potential for spread to HICs, according to their ability to address an HIC healthcare challenge, compatibility with infrastructure and regulatory requirements, degree of novelty, and degree of current collaboration with HICs. We use examples to illustrate where programs which appear initially promising may be unlikely to succeed in a HIC setting due to feasibility concerns. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a framework for identifying reverse innovations that may be useful to policymakers and funding agencies interested in identifying novel approaches to addressing cost and access to care in HICs. We solicited expert feedback and consensus on an empirically-derived set of criteria to create a practical tool for funders that can be used directly and tested prospectively using current databases of LMIC programs.

[Outpatient blood pressure monitoring is not always necessary]. / La monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial no siempre es necesaria.

It is clear that clinical measurements of blood pressure can lead to errors in the diagnostic process and follow-up of patients with hypertension. Scientific societies recommend other measurement methods, such as home measurements and outpatient monitoring. Outpatient monitoring might be the golden standard but, nowadays has an important limitation-its availability. Home measurements solve 80-90% of the doubts of the diagnostic process and follow-up of patients with hypertension, and its higher availability and acceptance by the patient are clear. Home measurements should be used in the diagnostic process of arterial hypertension as a screening test for white coat hypertension and masked hypertension. They should be used as a screening test for resistant hypertension in the follow-up of patients with high blood pressure. Besides, in the follow-up of patients with hypertension home measurements have shown that they can contribute to treatment adherence, reduce clinical inertia and make data teletransmission possible, aspects that have proven to help improve the degree of control of hypertensive patients. Therefore, home measurements would be the treatment of choice for the diagnosis and follow-up of most patients with hypertension. We should consider home measurements and outpatient monitoring as complementary methods for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with high blood pressure.

DPC in acute-phase inpatient hospital care. Visualization of amount of nursing care provided and accessibility to nursing care.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to improve accessibility to nursing care by clarifying the relationship between patient characteristics and the amount of nursing care for the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system (DPC). METHOD: The subjects included 528 lung cancer patients; 170 gastric cancer patients; and 91 colon cancer patients, who were hospitalized from July 1, 2008, to March 31, 2010, at a university hospital. The patients were categorized into groups according to factors that could affect the amount of nursing care. Next, the relationship between the patient characteristics and the amount of nursing care was analyzed. Then the results from this study were used to classify patient characteristics according to the patient type and the amount nursing care required. RESULTS: The patient characteristics, which affected the amount of nursing care, varied according to each DPC code. The major factors affecting the amount of nursing care were whether the patient had received a surgical (under general anesthetics) treatment or a non-surgical treatment and the level of activities of daily living (ADL) of the hospitalized patients. For those who had received a surgical operation for colon cancer, the patient's age also affected the amount of nursing care. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show that the method for the visualization of the amount of nursing care based on the classification of patient characteristics can be implemented into the electronic health record system. This method can then be used as a management tool to assure appropriate distribution of nursing resources.

Quantifying the magnitude of environmental exposure misclassification when using imprecise address proxies in public health research.

In spatial epidemiologic and public health research it is common to use spatially aggregated units such as centroids of postal/zip codes, census tracts, dissemination areas, blocks or block groups as proxies for sample unit locations. Few studies, however, address the potential problems associated with using these units as address proxies. The purpose of this study is to quantify the magnitude of distance errors and accessibility misclassification that result from using several commonly-used address proxies in public health research. The impact of these positional discrepancies for spatial epidemiology is illustrated by examining misclassification of accessibility to several health-related facilities, including hospitals, public recreation spaces, schools, grocery stores, and junk food retailers throughout the City of London and Middlesex County, Ontario, Canada. Positional errors are quantified by multiple neighborhood types, revealing that address proxies are most problematic when used to represent residential locations in small towns and rural areas compared to suburban and urban areas. Findings indicate that the shorter the threshold distance used to measure accessibility between subject population and health-related facility, the greater the proportion of misclassified addresses. Using address proxies based on large aggregated units such as centroids of census tracts or dissemination areas can result in very large positional discrepancies (median errors up to 343 and 2088 m in urban and rural areas, respectively), and therefore should be avoided in spatial epidemiologic research. Even smaller, commonly-used, proxies for residential address such as postal code centroids can have large positional discrepancies (median errors up to 109 and 1363 m in urban and rural areas, respectively), and are prone to misrepresenting accessibility in small towns and rural Canada; therefore, postal codes should only be used with caution in spatial epidemiologic research.

Geographical accessibility to dental care in the Japanese elderly.

OBJECTIVE: The current research aims to clarify the factors relevant to elderly people's access to dental care in Japan, particularly focusing on geographical accessibility. METHODS: The sample was taken from among the Japanese elderly, aged 65 and over, who responded to a postal survey conducted in 2003 (n = 2,192). Six types of geographical accessibility to the dental clinics were calculated using Geographic Information Systems. Logistic regression analysis was conducted using 'having a regular dentist' as a dependent variable and geographical accessibility as an explanatory variable. RESULTS: The results showed an association between having a regular dentist and geographical accessibility only for females. In the univariate model, distance to the closest dental clinics (OR = 0.62 (95% CI: 0.43-0.90)), number of dental clinics at the school district level (OR = 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03-1.26)), number of dental clinics at the municipality level (OR = 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00-1.05)), and density distribution of dental clinics (OR = 1.56 (95% CI: 1.11-2.19)) showed significant relations with having a regular dentist. After controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and health related variables, only the density distribution of dental clinics showed significant relations at the 5% level, although distance and number of dental clinics kept a marginal significance. CONCLUSION: The current study verifies that geographical accessibility correlates with access to dental care among women, and that there were large gender differences concerning the issue of geographical access.

Buenas prácticas y satisfacción del paciente / Good practices and patient satisfaction

Objetivo. La Ley de Autonomía del Paciente (LAP) debe contribuir a lograr una atención sanitaria «centrada en el paciente». En este estudio pretendemos determinar en qué medida los pacientes consideran que se está cumpliendo con derechos básicos reconocidos en la LAP (buenas prácticas) y estudiar la relación entre este cumplimiento y el nivel de satisfacción declarado por el paciente. Material y métodos. Se entrevistó a 13.773 pacientes (el 31,7% tenía más de 60 años y el 53,6% fueron mujeres) atendidos en 21 hospitales públicos. La ocurrencia de buenas prácticas acordes a la LAP se analiza mediante estadísticos descriptivos; la relación entre buenas prácticas y satisfacción se estimó mediante regresión logística. Resultados. La información al alta médica fue una de las prácticas más consolidadas en todas las modalidades. Su nivel de cumplimiento osciló entre el 97,4% de padres de niños mayores de 6 años atendidos en Pediatría y el 76,2% de pacientes atendidas en plantas de Obstetricia. El proceso de acogida (odds ratio: 3,53; IC del 95%: 1,95–6,41), el consentimiento informado (odds ratio: 2,77; IC del 95%: 1,40–5,47) y conocer qué tipo de profesional lo está atendiendo en cada momento (odds ratio: 3,36; IC del 95%: 1,96–5,78) son algunos aspectos de la atención que incrementan la probabilidad de que el paciente se declare satisfecho. Conclusiones. El cumplimiento de los derechos de los pacientes es elevado en todas las modalidades de atención valoradas. Cuando se respetan estos derechos se incrementa la satisfacción del paciente(AU)

Objective. The Patient Autonomy Act should contribute to a “patient-centred” health care. The study objectives were to determine to what extent patients believe that their basic rights under the LAP (best practices) are being met. Secondly, to study the relationship between this performance and reported patient satisfaction levels. Materials & methods. A total of 13,773 patients were interviewed (31.7% >60 years and 53.6% women) receiving health care at 21 Spanish public hospitals. The number of “good practices” (GP) was analysed using descriptive statistics; relationship between GP and satisfaction was measured using logistic regression. Results. The medical discharge information was one of the most established practices. The compliance level ranged from 97.4% of parents of children over 6 years in paediatric service and 76.2% of patients attending obstetric services. The welcome process (Odds Ratio 3.53, IC-95% CI; 1.95–6.41, P<0.001), informed consent (Odds Ratio 2.77, 95% CI; 1.40–5.47), to recognize which type of professional was providing care at all the times (Odds Ratio 3.36, 95% CI; 1.96–5.78), were the aspects that increased probability that the patient felt satisfied. Conclusions. Compliance to patient rights was increased in all services analysed. When these rights are respected patient satisfaction increases(AU)

Advanced access appointments: Effects on family physician satisfaction, physicians' office income, and emergency department use.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of advanced access (same-day physician appointments) on patient and provider satisfaction and to determine its association with other variables such as physician income and patient emergency department use. DESIGN: Patient satisfaction survey and semistructured interviews with physicians and support staff; analysis of physician medical insurance billings and patient emergency department visits. SETTING: Cape Breton, NS. PARTICIPANTS: Patients, physicians, and support staff of 3 comparable family physician practices that had not implemented advanced access and an established advanced access practice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported provider and patient satisfaction, physician office income, and patients' emergency department use. RESULTS: The key benefits of implementation of advanced access were an increase in provider and patient satisfaction levels, same or greater physician office income, and fewer less urgent (triage level 4) and nonurgent (triage level 5) emergency department visits by patients. CONCLUSION: Currently within the Central Cape Breton Region, 33% of patients wait 4 or more days for urgent appointments. Findings from this study can be used to enhance primary care physician practice redesign. This research supports many benefits of transitioning to an advanced access model of patient booking.

[Access to a III level neonatal intensive care unit in Argentina]. / Accesibilidad a una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales de alta complejidad en la Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: In Argentina information does not exist about how many newborns (NB) who need to be hospitalized in a third level neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) actually accede, not even about the evolution of those who cannot accede. OBJECTIVE: To analize the characteristics of NB that required to be hospitalized in a NICU and the evolution of those who do not accede. METHODS: Longitudinal, prospective and observational study. There were included NB that required hospitalization in the NICU of the Hospital Garrahan during eleven months. Every request was registered and phone calls were made to know the evolution of rejected NB. The accessibility was analyzed by bivariated and multivariated tests. RESULTS: 1197 NB were included in the study; 75% with severe clinical condition, being of higher frequency the cardiac, respiratory and surgical pathologies; 637 NB (53%) were accepted. The NB from other provinces (OR 2, IC95% 1.4-2.8), retinophaty of the premature (OR 40, IC95% 14-85) and surgical disease (OR 1.99, IC95% 1.4-2.7) were independent factors that increased the possibilities to access; it decreased during the winter (OR 0.56, IC95% 0.40-0.77); 56 NB died; 47 could not have access to a third level NICU in spite of presenting pathologies sensitive of treatment. CONCLUSION: This information shows the fact that is of high importance to define regional strategies that allow the efficient administration of existing health resources and the opportune access of seriously ill NB patients to reference centers.

Estimating inequalities in ownership of insecticide treated nets: does the choice of socio-economic status measure matter?

Research on the impact of socio-economic status (SES) on access to health care services and on health status is important for allocating resources and designing pro-poor policies. Socio-economic differences are increasingly assessed using asset indices as proxy measures for SES. For example, several studies use asset indices to estimate inequities in ownership and use of insecticide treated nets as a way of monitoring progress towards meeting the Abuja targets. The validity of different SES measures has only been tested in a limited number of settings, however, and there is little information on how choice of welfare measure influences study findings, conclusions and policy recommendations. In this paper, we demonstrate that household SES classification can depend on the SES measure selected. Using data from a household survey in coastal Kenya (n = 285 rural and 467 urban households), we first classify households into SES quintiles using both expenditure and asset data. Household SES classification is found to differ when separate rural and urban asset indices, or a combined asset index, are used. We then use data on bednet ownership to compare inequalities in ownership within each setting by the SES measure selected. Results show a weak correlation between asset index and monthly expenditure in both settings: wider inequalities in bednet ownership are observed in the rural sample when expenditure is used as the SES measure [Concentration Index (CI) = 0.1024 expenditure quintiles; 0.005 asset quintiles]; the opposite is observed in the urban sample (CI = 0.0518 expenditure quintiles; 0.126 asset quintiles). We conclude that the choice of SES measure does matter. Given the practical advantages of asset approaches, we recommend continued refinement of these approaches. In the meantime, careful selection of SES measure is required for every study, depending on the health policy issue of interest, the research context and, inevitably, pragmatic considerations.

On the spatial inequalities of institutional versus home births in Ghana: a multilevel analysis.

Spatial inequalities related to the choice of delivery care have not been studied systematically in Sub-Saharan Africa where maternal and perinatal health outcomes continue to worsen despite a range of safe motherhood interventions. Using retrospective data from the 1998 and 2003 Demographic and Health Surveys, this paper investigates the extent of changes in spatial inequalities associated with type of delivery care in Ghana with a focus on rural-urban differentials within and across the three ecological zones (Savannah, Forest and Coastal). More than one-half of births in Ghana continue to occur outside health institutions without any skilled obstetric care. While this is already known, we present evidence from multilevel analyses that there exist considerable and growing inequalities, with regard to birth settings between communities, within rural and urban areas and across the ecological zones. The results show evidence of poor and disproportionate use of institutional care at birth; the inequalities remained high and unchanged in both urban and rural communities within the Savannah zone and widening in urban communities of the Forest and Coastal zones. The key policy challenges in Ghana, therefore, include both increasing the uptake of institutional delivery care and ensuring equity in access to both public and private health institutions.

Implantação do acolhimento em uma unidade local de saúde de Florianópolis / Implementation of the reception in a local health unit in Florianópolis

A palavra acolhimento, por definição, constitui em: “1.Ato ou efeito de acolher; recepção. 2.Atenção, consideração. 3.Refúgio, abrigo, agasalho [Sin. ger.: acolhida.] “.Em saúde, acolhimento consiste também em uma tecnologia para reorganização dos serviços de saúde que visa ao acesso universal, à resolubilidade e ao atendimento humanizado. Baseia-se na escuta de todos os pacientes, no intuito de oferecer uma resposta positivaaos seus problemas de saúde. Além disso, visa à descentralizaçãodo atendimento, classicamente centradona figura do médico, estendendo-o para toda a equipe, o que aumenta a oferta de serviços. A proposta do Acolhimento surge como uma resposta aos problemas históricos referentes ao acesso aosserviços de saúde pública no Brasil que persistiam mesmo com os avanços e conquistas do Sistema Único deSaúde (SUS) e com a criação da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF). Problemas que decorrem do modo deorganização de parte dos serviços de saúde, em que o atendimento é obtido através de marcação de consultasem dias específicos, com a formação de filas, em que não há qualquer tipo de avaliação de potencial de risco, agravo ou grau de sofrimento. A fim de dar respostas a esta problemática, o Ministério da Saúde (MS) criou, em 2003, a Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH) – o HumanizaSUS cuja proposta enfatiza a necessidade de assegurar atenção integral, através da garantia de Acolhimento e acesso aosusuários como instrumentos de transformação das formas de produzir e prestar serviços à população. Noâmbito catarinense, em 2004, a Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, através da portaria 779, criou o Comitê Estadualde Políticas de Humanização no sentido de viabilizar os princípios preconizados pelo HumanizaSUS em todos osmunicípios do estado. Três anos depois, a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS) de Florianópolis, com a portaria 283, formalizou uma proposta de implementação.

Local access to care programs (LACPs): new developments in the access to care for the uninsured.

CONTEXT: New, locally based health care access programs are emerging in response to the growing number of uninsured, providing an alternative to health insurance and traditional safety net providers. Although these programs have been largely overlooked in health services research and health policy, they are becoming an important local supplement to the historically overburdened safety net. METHODS: This article is based on a literature review, Internet search, and key actor interviews to document programs in the United States, using a typology to classify the programs and document key characteristics. FINDINGS: Local access to care programs (LACPs) fall outside traditional private and publicly subsidized insurance programs. They have a formal enrollment process, eligibility determination, and enrollment fees that give enrollees access to a network of providers that have agreed to offer free or reduced-price health care services. The forty-seven LACPs documented in this article were categorized into four general models: three-share programs, national-provider networks, county-based indigent care, and local provider-based programs. CONCLUSIONS: New, locally based health access programs are being developed to meet the health care needs of the growing number of uninsured adults. These programs offer an alternative to traditional health insurance and build on the tradition of county-based care for the indigent. It is important that these locally based, alternative paths to health care services be documented and monitored, as the number of uninsured adults is continuing to grow and these programs are becoming a larger component of the U.S. health care safety net.